Aluminum alloy for sliding bearing and its production method

ABSTRACT

Aluminum alloy, which consists of from 2 to 20% by weight of Sn, from 3% by weight or less of Cu, and from 0.3 to 5% by volume of TiC particles, the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities, exhibits improved fatigue resistance at a high temperature region, while maintaining compatibility at low temperature notwithstanding improved fatigue resistance.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention relates to an Al—Sn based aluminum-alloy forsliding bearing. More particularly, the present invention relates to anAl—Sn based aluminum-alloy exhibiting improved fatigue resistance athigh-temperature region due to dispersion of fine particles, whilemaintaining the compatibility at a room-temperature region, when used asa sliding bearing. The present invention also relates to a productionmethod of the Al—Sn based sliding bearing, in which fine particles aredispersed.

2. Description of Related Art

Aluminum alloy and copper alloy are two major materials of thesliding-bearing materials. Representative additive components of thealuminum alloy are Sn, Pb and the like, which impart the lubricatingproperty and compatibility, as well as Si and the like which impart thewear resistance.

One means for enhancing the fatigue resistance of the aluminum alloy isto add such elements as Si, Cr, Cu and Mg in some extent as to utilizethe precipitation hardening of these elements. The heat treatment forprecipitation hardening is usually the solution heat-treatment followedby aging at room temperature (T₄) or artificial aging at approximately150° C. (T₆) Another means for enhancing the fatigue resistance is toadd such elements as Cu and Mg within the solubility limit and hence toutilize the solution strengthening. The heat treatment usually employedis the solution heat-treatment followed by aging at room temperature.(T₄)

The effects of solution strengthening method mentioned above are lost atelevated temperature. Both strength and hardness increase with thetemperature increase from room temperature to somewhat high temperaturein each case of solution strengthening and precipitation hardening.However, the compatibility, which is important for sliding bearing,deteriorates as strength and handness increase. Along with deteriorationof compatibility, there arises danger of seizure and fatigue.

Various proposals have been made to improve the compositions of aluminumalloys described above. A proposal made by one of the present applicantsand employed in actual machines is disclosed in German Patent DE 32 49133 C2. The aluminum-alloy used for sliding bearing proposed in thispatent is characterized in that hard particles of Si, Fe and the likehaving average particle diameter of from 4 to 5 μm are coarselyprecipitated. The nodular cast iron of the opposed shaft is shaved bythe coarse hard particles, thereby forming compatible bearing-surfaceand enhancing the bearing performance.

Similar proposal has been made by one of the present applicants and isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,153,756. The Al—Sn based sliding bearingproposed in the patent contains a small amount of Cr, and prevents thecoarsening of the Sn particles due to the effects of Cr and hence thefatigue from occurring.

Meanwhile, it is known to apply the ceramic-particle dispersionstrengthening to the aluminum-alloy (for example, Japanese Patent No.2709097). The aluminum alloy, which is strengthened by the ceramic fineparticles, is usually produced by the powder metallurgy method. Thisalloy is appropriate for the wear resistant parts. But can not meetsever compatibility which may be required for the sliding bearing.

It is also known to add the ceramic particles to molten aluminum-alloy.For example, the ceramic particles are added during the die casting(Japanese Patent No. 2739580). In Japanese Unexamined Patent PublicationNo. 6-17165, the ceramic particles fed into the melt from mother alloy.A green compact consisting of Ti powder, graphite powder and Al (alloy)powder is prepared and is then impregnated with the Al (alloy) melt,followed by heating to form TiC particles. The so treated green compactis used as the mother alloy of TiC.

When the ordinary aluminum alloy is compared with the compositeceramic-aluminum alloy, hardness at room temperature and compatibilityof the former are lower and higher, respectively, than these of thelatter. However, the hardness of the former abruptly drops at hightemperature so that the fatigue resistance becomes unsatisfactory. Onthe other hand, since the latter is harder at high temperature than theformer, the fatigue resistance of the latter is superior to that of theformer. The compatibility of latter is poor due to high hardness at roomtemperature.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide analuminum alloy which exhibits improved fatigue resistance at a hightemperature region, while maintaining compatibility at low temperaturenot with standing improved fatigue resistance.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method forproducing an aluminum alloy, which exhibits improved fatigue resistanceat a high temperature region, while maintaining compatibility at lowtemperature not with standing improved fatigue resistance.

In accordance with the objects of the present invention, there isprovided a fine-particle dispersion type Al—Sn based aluminum alloy,which consists of from 2 to 20% by weight of Sn, 3% by weight or less ofCu, and from 0.3 to 5% by volume of TiC particles, the balance being Aland unavoidable impurities.

There is also provided a sliding bearing comprising the fine-particledispersion type Al—Sn based aluminum alloy mentioned above in the formof a lining.

There is also provided a method for producing a fine TiCparticle-dispersing type Al—Sn based aluminum alloy comprising the stepsof:

preparing either Al mother-alloy or metallic raw materials of the Alalloy and a green compact, in which TiC is dispersed;

melting the Al mother-alloy or the metallic raw materials of the Alalloy to form an Al alloy melt;

bringing the Al alloy melt and the green compact, in which TiC isdispersed, into contact with one another, thereby dispersing the TiC inthe Al-alloy melt;

casting the Al-alloy melt, in which TiC is dispersed, into analuminum-alloy ingot, in which TiC is dispersed; and,

rolling the ingot. The present invention is described hereinafter indetail.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the composition mentioned above, Sn is dispersed in the form of softminority phase and realizes the compatibility. When the Sn amount isless than 2% by weight, the compatibility is unsatisfactory. On theother hand, when the Sn amount is more than 20% by weight, the strengthof Al alloy is lowered. The Sn amount should, therefore, be from 2 to20% by weight. The Sn amount is preferably from 2 to 12% by weight, morepreferably form 2 to 8% by weight.

Cu strengthens the Al matrix due to solution-strengthening and makes thefatigue difficult to occur. When the Cu amount is more than 3% byweight, hardness becomes so high in a temperature range of from roomtemperature to the operating temperature of bearing that thecompatibility is not maintained. The Cu amount is preferably 0.1% byweight or more, and more preferably from 0.1 to 2% by weight.

TiC particles enhance the high-temperature strength and fatigue strengthdue to dispersion-strengthening. Features of TiC particles from theviewpoint of compatibility are that: they have no compatibility fortheir self because of hard particles; since TiC particles are notprecipitated from the Al matrix, no precipitation hardening occurs.Deterioration of compatibility due to the precipitation does not occurdue to the TiC particles; and, the compatibility of TiC is relativelygood among the hard particles because of lower hardness than the otherhard particles.

Smaller average diameter of TiC particles is more preferable from theviewpoints of fatigue resistance and compatibility. Drawbacks becomeprominent when the average particle diameter is greater than 5 μm. Whenthe TiC particles are less than 0.3% by volume, they are not veryeffective for enhancing the high-temperature strength. On the otherhand, when the TiC particles are much more than 5% by volume, thecompatibility is seriously lowered. Preferably, TiC particles have 2 μmor less of average particle diameter and is added by 3% by volume orless.

The effects of TiC particles to enhance the fatigue resistance becomeoutstandingly high when they are dispersed, in the rolled product. Thereasons for this seem to be the following (a) through (c). (a) The Snparticles and the TiC particles are close to one another in the rolledproduct. Judging from this fact, the coarsening of the Sn particles isprevented during the use of bearing due to the TiC particles. (b)Room-temperature hardness increase due to hard particles is smaller inthe TiC composite material than in the composite materials of otherceramics. The compatibility of the former is better than that of thelatter. (c) Dislocations introduced by the rolling become difficult torelief. Reduction of strength at high temperature is, therefore, low.

The aluminum alloy according to the present invention may furthercontain 2% by weight or less in total of one or more elements selectedfrom the group consisting of Mg, Cr, Zr, Mn, V, Ni and Fe. Among theseelements, Mg is also solution-strengthening element as Cu. Its additiveamount is 2% by weight or less. When the amount of Mg is more than 2% byweight, the alloy is too hardened to maintain the compatibility. Cr andthe like other than Mg enhance the high-temperature hardness. Its ortheir additive amount is 2% by weight or less. When the additive amountis more than 2% by weight, the alloy is too hardened and coarseprecipitates are formed. A preferable additive amount of Mg and the likeis from 0.3 to 1.5% by weight in total.

The aluminum alloy according to the present invention may furthercontain 8% by weight or less of one or more selected from the groupconsisting of Pb, Bi and In. These elements form a soft phase alone oras an alloy with Sn and enhance the compatibility. However, when theiradditive amount is more than 8%, the strength of alloy is lowered. Apreferable additive content of Pb and the like is 4% by weight and ismore preferably 2% by weight or less.

A method for producing the aluminum alloy is now described.

At least one metallic raw-material such as Al alloys e.g., Al—Sn, Al—Cuand the like (hereinafter referred to as “Al mother-alloy”) and a greencompact, in which TiC is dispersed (hereinafter referred to as “TiCmother-alloy”) are prepared, in such a manner that the entirecomposition provides the composite-alloy compositions described above.The Al mother-alloy and the TiC mother-alloy are brought into contactwith one another, for example by a method adding the TiC mother alloyinto the melt of the Al mother alloy. TiC is dispersed in the aluminumalloy ingot thus produced by melting. This ingot is preferably rolled.The above-described methods for adding the TiC-dispersing green compactinto the melt enables to uniformly disperse TiC in the Al (alloy) melt.The TiC can be furthermore uniformly dispersed in the Al alloy by meansof rolling. TiC may be mixed with any material such as Al, Al alloy, Cuand Cu alloy for producing a green compact. TiC and any one of thesematerials may be mixed and compacted by powder metallurgy method. Themethod disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 5-17165mentioned above may also be used. TiC may not be added but may be formedby a reaction of Ti and graphite in the green compact.

Continuous casting or ingot casting may carry out to obtain an optionalthickness.

Rolling is carried out by cold rolling. The draft in the rolling(reduction ratio of thickness) is from 20 to 50% per pass. The totaldraft from the ingot to the final product is preferably from 95 to 99%.

The rolled sheet has preferably the solution temper (T₄) but is notspecifically limited.

The above described aluminum alloy according to the present inventioncan be used for the sliding or plain bearings having an ordinarystructure. Among them a bi-metal type bearing, i.e., bondedaluminum-bearing alloy (the so-called lining) and backing metal, isincluded. The so-called solid bearing, in which the aluminum-bearingalloy is not bonded with the backing metal, is also included. Inaddition, also included is the bearing having a three-layer typestructure, that is, an intermediate strengthening layer such as purealuminum, Al—Cu, Al—Mg, Al—Mn based alloys, sandwiched between thebacking metal and the lining.

Coating made of the solid lubricant MoS₂ and resin may be deposited onthe surface of aluminum alloy in contact with the opposed shaft. Thecoating is preferably from 3 to 10 μm thick. MoS₂ is effective forpreventing the seizure from occurring in the initial operation period ofbearing. Such resin as polyimide and polyamid imide are preferably usedas the resin. In addition, the amount of MoS₂ is preferably from 60 to90% by weight.

When the coating mentioned above is worn out to some extent, thealuminum alloy is brought into contact with the shaft. Under thiscircumstance, the seizure and wear are prevented by inherent propertiesof the bearing alloy. This means that MoS₂ replaces the function of Snto some extent The Sn amount of the aluminum alloy is, therefore,preferably from 2 to 8% by weight.

The following can generally be said. {circle around (1)} When thehigh-temperature strength is enhanced by dispersion strengthening, thefatigue strength is enhanced together. {circle around (2)} Hard-particledispersion phase impairs the compatibility. Under this condition, thecompatibility is difficult to be realized in the initial operationperiod of bearing. The compatible surface formed once is disordered bythe hard-particle dispersion phase. The prevailing lubricating conditionis boundary lubrication or solid lubrication. Wear is, therefore, likelyto occur. This phenomenon exerts adverse effect on the fatigueresistance.

When the sliding bearing according to the present invention is used inan internal combustion engine operated at higher and higher temperature,the effect {circle around (1)} plays an important role. In theTiC-dispersed aluminum alloy, the deterioration of compatibilitydescribed in {circle around (2)} occurs but in slight extent. As aresult, the present invention outstandingly enhances the fatigueresistance at high temperature and attains good compatibility at roomtemperature.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of fatigue test carried out inExample 1 and Comparative Example 1

FIG. 2 is microscope photograph of the aluminum alloy for slidingbearing according to the present invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

The TiC mother-alloy was produced by the following method. Thepercentage is based on weight unless otherwise specified.

Ti powder (product of Sumitomo Systics, −325 mesh) in 1 g, graphitepowder (product of AESAR, −325 mesh) in 0.2 g and pure Al powder(product of Toyo Aluminium, −100 mesh) in 0.5 g were weighed and mixedwith one another. The resultant powder mixture was shaped by a metal-diecompacting method under surface pressure of 4 tons into a cylindricalcompact 11.3 mm in diameter and 5 mm. The resultant green compact wasdipped in the pure Al melt (temperature—780° C.) for 30 seconds. Thegreen compact was withdrawn from the melt and solidified in such amanner to avoid red heating. The resultant impregnated compact washeated to 1200° C. in the Ar gas protective atmosphere at heating rateof 5° C./minute. The heating was then stopped and the non-forced coolingwas then carried out in the Ar gas protective atmosphere. The pellets(TiC mother-alloy) was thus obtained.

The Al mother alloy having composition of 4.5% of Sn, 1.7% of Cu, thebalance being Al was prepared by the ordinary melting method. The Almother-alloy was melted in a low-frequency furnace, and the TiCmother-alloy was dropped into the Al-alloy melt to dissolve the TiCmother melt. Then, the holding was carried out for 20 minutes touniformly disperse TiC fine particles in the melt. The melt wascontinuously cast at 800° C. into sheet thickness of 18 mm. Two-stagecold rolling and intermediate annealing at 350° C. were carried out toobtain a 1.1 mm thick rolled sheet of product. The composition of therolled sheet was 4% of Sn, 1.5% of Cu, 2.2% by volume of TiC (averageparticle diameter of 1 μm), and the balance of Al.

The Al-alloy rolled sheet and a 2.4 mm thick mild-steel sheet werepressure bonded by the ordinary method in the form of bi-metal. Thebi-metal specimens were subjected to the fatigue test under thefollowing conditions.

Conditions of Fatigue Test

(a) Tester: rotational load tester

(b) Rotation number: 8000 rpm

(c) Testing temperature (temperature of backing surface of bearing):160-183° C.

(d) Surface pressure: 29 MPa

(e) Opposite Material: Quenched S55C

(f) Lubricating oil: 5w-30SH

The results of test are shown in FIG. 1. The 50 μm thick surface ofSample No. 4 of Example 2 was removed by polishing. The surfacestructure of the so polished surface is shown in FIG. 2. As shown inthis photograph, the Sn minority phase is elongated in the rollingdirection.

Comparative Example

The Al alloy, the composition of which is 12% of Sn, 1.0% of Cu, 2.7% ofSi, and the balance of Al, was worked and heat-treated by the samemethod as in the German patent mentioned above (page 11 of Gazette,Table 2). The obtained product was used as the comparative specimen. Itwas pressure bonded on the same backing steel sheet as in Example andwas subjected to the same fatigue-resistance test as in Example 1. Theresults are shown in FIG. 1 as well.

Example 2

The specimens having composition as shown in Table 1 were tested underthe testing conditions of Example 1 except for the constant temperatureof 175° C. As shown in Table 1, either the fatigue resistance or theseizure resistance deteriorates when one of the Sn amount, the Cuamount, the TiC additive amount and the average particle diameter of TiCfall outside the inventive range. Referring to FIG. 2, the amount of TiCparticles in the vicinity of the Sn minority phase is small, becauseSample No. 4 has small additive amount of TiC.

Example 3

The materials having composition shown in Table 2 were tested by thesame method as in Example 1. The obtained repeating number is shown inTable 2. The fatigue resistance can be outstandingly enhanced by meansof dispersion-strengthening by TiC fine particles, while maintaining thecompatibility at good level.

TABLE 1 TiC Particles Average Added Particle Repeating Amount DiameterCycles No Al Sn Cu (Vol. %) (μm) logN Remarks 1 Balance 25 1.5 2 2 6.8Comparative 2 Balance 15 5 2 2 Seizure Comparative 3 Balance 15 2 15 2Seizure Comparative 4 Balance 15 2. 2 7 6.3 Comparative 5 Balance 4 1.50 — 6.8 Comparative 6 Balance 12 1 0 — 5.8 Comparative 7 Balance 4 1.5 2— 7.4 Inventive 8 Balance 8 0.5 3 — 7.7 Inventive 9 Balance 2 1 0.5 0.57.3 Inventive 10 Balance 15 1 2 2 7.5 Inventive 11 Balance 8 0.5 5 5 7.3Inventive

TABLE 2 TiC Average Repeating Al Alloy Composition (wt %) Added ParticleCycles Al Cn Cu Cr Zr Mg Mn V Ni Fe Pb Bi In Amount Diameter logN 12 Bal4 1.5 0.15 — — — — — 0.2 — — — 8 2 7.6 13 Bal 8 1 — 0.2 — — — — 0.1 2 —— 1 2 7.5 14 Bal 12 0.5 — — 1 — — — — — 1 — 3 0.5 7.8 15 Bal 4 1 — — —0.2 0.1 — 0.2 1 — — 2 2 7.6 16 Bal 15 1 — — — — — 0.2 0.2 — — 1 5 0.57.7

What is claimed is:
 1. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn based aluminumalloy, which consists of from2 to 20% by weight of Sn, 3% by weight orless of Cu, and from 0.3 to 5% by volume of TiC particles, the balancebeing Al and unavoidable impurities.
 2. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Snbased aluminum alloy, which consists of from 2 to 20% by weight of Sn,3% by weight or less of Cu, and from 0.3 to 5% by volume of TiCparticles, and 2% by weight or less of at least one element selectedfrom the group consisting of Mg, Cr, Zr, Mn, V, Ni and Fe, the balancebeing Al and unavoidable impurities.
 3. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Snbased aluminum alloy, which consists of from 2 to 20% by weight of Sn,3% by weight or less of Cu, and from 0.3 to 5% by volume of TiCparticles, and 8% by weight or less of at least one element selectedfrom the group consisting of Pb, Bi and In, the balance being Al andunavoidable impurities.
 4. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn basedaluminum alloy, which consists of from 2 to 20% by weight of Sn, 3% byweight or less of Cu, and from 0.3 to 5% by volume of TiC particles, 2%by weight or less of at least one element selected from the groupconsisting of Mg, Cr, Zr, Mn, V, Ni and Fe, and 8% by weight or less ofat least one element selected from the group consisting of Pb, Bi, andIn, the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities.
 5. A fine-particledispersed Al—Sn based aluminum alloy according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4,wherein said TiC particles have an average particle diameter of 5 μm orless.
 6. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn based aluminum alloy accordingto claim 5, wherein said TiC particles have an average particle diameterof 2 μm or less.
 7. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn based aluminum alloyaccording to claim 5, wherein said TiC particles are 3% by volume orless.
 8. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn based aluminum alloy accordingto claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the Sn content is from 2 to 12% byweight.
 9. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn based aluminum alloyaccording to claim 8, wherein the Sn content is from 2 to 8% by weight.10. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn based aluminum alloy according toclaim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the Cu content is from 0.1 to 2% by weight.11. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn based aluminum alloy according toclaim 2 or 4, wherein the content of at least one element selected fromthe group consisting of Mg, Cr, Zr, Mn, V, Ni and Fe is from 0.3 to 1.5%by weight.
 12. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn based aluminum alloyaccording to claim 3 or 4, wherein the content of at least one elementselected from the group consisting of Pb, Bi and In is 2% by weight orless.
 13. A fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn based aluminum alloy accordingto claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, in the form of a cold-rolled product.
 14. Asliding bearing, which comprises a fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn basedaluminum alloy in the form of a lining, which alloy consists of from 2to 20% by weight of Sn, 3% by weight or less of Cu, and from 0.3 to 5%by volume of TiC particles, the balance being Al and unavoidableimpurities.
 15. A sliding bearing, which comprises a fine-particledispersed Al—Sn based aluminum alloy in the form of a lining, whichalloy consists of from 2 to 20% by weight of Sn, 3% by weight or less ofCu, and from 0.3 to 5% by volume of TLC particles, and 2% by weight orless of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg,Cr, Zr, Mn, V, Ni and Fe, the balance being Al and unavoidableimpurities.
 16. A sliding bearing, which comprises a fine-particledispersed Al—Sn based aluminum alloy in the form of a lining, whichalloy consists of from 2 to 20% by weight of Sn, 3% by weight or less ofCu, and from 0.3 to 5% by volume of TiC particles, and 8% by weight orless of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Pb,Bi and In, the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities.
 17. Asliding bearing, which comprises a fine-particle dispersed Al—Sn basedaluminum alloy in the form of a lining, which alloy consists of from 2to 20% by weight of Sn, 3% by weight or less of Cu, and from 0.3 to 5%by volume of TiC particles, 2% by weight or less of at least one elementselected from the group consisting of Mg, Cr, Zr, Mn, V, Ni and Fe, and8% by weight or less of at least one element selected from the groupconsisting of Pb, Bi and In, the balance being Al and unavoidableimpurities.
 18. A sliding bearing according to claim 14, 15, 16 or 17,wherein said TiC particles have 5 μm or less of average diameter.
 19. Asliding bearing according to claim 18, wherein said TiC particles have 2μm or less of average particle.
 20. A sliding bearing according to claim19, wherein said TiC particles are 3% by volume or less.
 21. A slidingbearing according to claim 14, 15, 16 or 17, wherein the Sn content isfrom 2 to 12% by weight.
 22. A sliding bearing according to claim 21,wherein the Sn content is from 2 to 8% by weight.
 23. A sliding bearingaccording to claim 14, 15, 16 or 17, wherein the Cu content is from 0.1to 2% by weight.
 24. A sliding bearing according to claim 15 or 17,wherein the content of at least one element selected from the groupconsisting of Mg, Cr, Zr, Mn, V, Ni and Fe is from 0.3 to 1.5%.
 25. Asliding bearing alloy according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the contentof at least one element selected from the group consisting of Pb, Bi andIn is 2% by weight or less.
 26. A sliding bearing according to claim 14,15, 16 or 17, wherein said lining consists of the fine TiC-dispersiontype Al—Sn based alloy.
 27. A sliding bearing according to claim 14, 15,16 or 17, wherein said lining consists of the fine TiC-dispersion typeAl—Sn based alloy and a backing metal, which are pressure bonded withone another.
 28. A sliding bearing according to claim 14, 15, 16 or 17,further comprising a coating consisting of MoS₂ and resin.